L'ELEVAGE OVIN EXTENSIF EN TUNISIE : DISPONIBILITES ALIMENTAIRES ET INNOVATIONS POUR LA VALORISATION DES RESSOURCES FOURRAGERES LOCALES

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceSheep farming plays a vital role in food safety in Tunisia. This paper aims to reflect the current status of sheep farming through an analysis of their food availability and limits. A study of the possibilities for improving the local feeding resources is then made identifying the innovations in this field. Results show that the decrease in pasture areas is caused by the over-grazing, the frequent droughts and the expansion of cereal crops and tree plantations. Use of concentrates becomes more frequent in livestock industry. These concentrates are heavily based on imported ingredients whose prices have tripled over the last two decades. Consequently, a renewed interest has been given to the use of local feed resources and looking for alternatives such as their partial or total replacement of the imported raw materials. The use of the local barley and field beans in the sheep feeding could ensure acceptable animal performances. In the arid and semi-arid Tunisian zones, thousands of hectares of fodder shrubs have been established, especially spineless cactus, Atriplex nummularia and Acacia cyanophylla. Other innovations in animal feeding demonstrated the effectiveness of alternative feed resources like using feed blocks which could represent a promising nutritional tool especially when animals are grazing on poor pastures, the use of multi-purpose shrubs, or several agricultural and agro-industrial by-products (treated straws, cakes, pulps...). A lack of adequate co-ordination and synergy between the different stakeholders is inhibiting the progress and implementation of transversal approaches that are necessary for the delivery of integrated sustainable policies

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MULTIPACTOR SUPPRESSION IN DIELECTRIC MATERIALS

International audienceA novel coaxial resonator to investigate two-surface multipactor discharges on metal and dielectric surfaces in the gap region under vacuum conditions (~10-8 mbar) has been developed and tested. The resonator is ~ 100 mm in length with an outer diameter of ~ 60 mm (internal dimensions). A pulsed RF source delivers up to 30 W average power over a wide frequency range 650-900 MHz to the RF resonator. The incident and reflected RF signals are monitored by calibrated RF diodes. An electron probe provides temporal measurements of the multipacting electron current with respect to the RF pulses. In this paper we compare and contrast the results from the RF power tests of the alumina (97.6% Al2O3) and quartz samples without a coating, “the non-coated samples” and the Alumina and quartz samples with a TiN coating in order to evaluate a home made sputtered titanium nitride (TiN) thin layers as a Multipactor suppressor. The effectiveness of this method is presented and discussed in the paper

Impact of the food safety policies on the reduction of poverty in Tunisian rural areas

The observed trend of decreasing poverty in Tunisian rural areas, where agriculture is still dominated by family and where illiteracy rate and family size are high, questions may be raised about the economic policies adopted by the state. This article puts the analyses of these policies in the framework of food safety issue as food and poverty are tightly related and as food safety objective is multi-sectorial and multi-disciplinary. In economic development plans, food safety objective took the place of self-sufficiency. The analysis of food safety policy is based on a macro-economic analysis of the offer (policies of production pricing and subsidizing, investment policies) and demand (Policies of consumption subsidies and consumer prices) as well as the policies of fight against poverty. This analysis covers two periods: before and after the economic reforms of privatization and liberalization of 1987 (PAS: Structural Adjustment Plan). The assessment of these policies shows that poverty fighting programs are numerous and rich in experiences. These policies are more and more based on assistance programs oriented toward productive actions. The liberalization and privatization efforts were reflected by better performance and competitiveness of the agricultural sector. This had a positive impact on the employment, the migration and the availability of food products in rural areas. The self targeting of the subsidies by differentiating the products reduced the budgetary cost of these transfers and enhanced the equity and the nutritional and food situation of the poor people. The higher increase in income of country people and the decrease of subsidies indicate the more and more use of income direct transfers.Poverty, rural area, structure adjustment, food safety, agricultural and food policies., Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty,

INNOVATIONS INSTITUTIONNELLES FACE À LA CRISE POUR UNE MEILLEURE ADOPTION DES INNOVATIONS TECHNIQUES DES CEREALES IRRIGUEES EN TUNISIE

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceThe global economic crisis lived in 2007, related to the sharp rise in prices of cereal on the world market, has induced a doubling of the imported cereal invoice. This situation has constrained authorities to encourage the development of irrigated cereals as technical alternative to the weak and fluctuating yields. This paper aims to analyze the place of technical innovations in improvement yields and the role of institutional innovations to ensure their transfer. At the micro-economic level, an analysis of the socioeconomic and technical factors determining yield cereal was carried using a regression logistic model in five irrigated perimeters of Kairouan (center of the country). The results show positive significant effects of the new techniques adoption, encouragements by providing supplies and high academic level of farmer in improvement yields. The negative effect of water consumption of the farmers with high yield asks the question of the resource's durability. At the macro-economic level, the institutional innovations (structures and approaches), created recently in agricultural innovation system, were presented and analyzed. Those could improve the farm performances, but could not modify some socioeconomic factors related to the farmers and their families. The authority is the only guarantee of the innovation and its transfer. Efforts should be focused on a closed extension and targeted population taking into account the specific needs of each group in order to ensure a better transfer of the technical innovations. This activity of innovation transfer is now still complex and the participation of the profession is emergent

Learner Modeling Based on Bayesian Networks

The work presented in this chapter lies within Learner modeling in an adaptive educational system construed as a computational modeling of the learner. All actions of the learner in a learning situation on an adaptive hypermedia systems are not limited to valid or invalid actions (true and false), but they are a set of actions that characterize the learning path of his formation. Thus, we cannot represent the information from the system of each learner using relative data. It requires putting our work in a probabilistic context due to the changes in the learner model information during formation. We propose in this work to use Bayesian networks as a probabilistic framework to resolve the issue of dynamic management and update of the learner model. The experiments and results presented in this work are arguments in favor of our hypothesis, and can also promote reusing the modeling obtained through different systems and similar modeling situations

PERFORMANCE ORGANISATIONNELLE : QUELLE MESURE ?

L’objectif de cet article est de présenter un modèle pour mesurer la performance organisationnelle. Il s’inscrit dans la continuité des travaux de la centrale des bilans de la banque de France qui sont basés sur une approche économique. Notre modèle s’appuie sur les revenus répartis qui mesurent la richesse totale produite par la firme. Ces revenus sont égaux à la valeur ajoutée de CDB plus les autres produits encaissables moins les autres charges décaissables. Notre modèle va dépasser la méthode des revenus répartis, qui ne fait pas le lien avec la création de la valeur telle qu’elle se définit en finance sur la base des flux de trésorerie, en l’élargissant aux flux de trésorerie. Notre raisonnement sera en termes d’encaissement décaissement

Training and Development on Employees’ Performance of APM Terminal, Kingdom of Bahrain

It has been argued that training and development improves an organization's ability to be knowledge-intensive while enabling employees to effectively take up totally new jobs or tasks. T&D offers the organization the opportunity to better both long-term and short-term efficiency and productivity. It is a result of having the right skills to maintain increased productivity and performance. This study is a direct offshoot of this logic. The investigation is conducted at APM Terminals Bahrain involving 200 conveniently sampled rank and file employees. The study utilized a descriptive research design and adopted a questionnaire for data gathering. The results of the study showed that APM has implemented at a high-level Training and Development programs that are aligned with their objectives and strategies, with corresponding Organizational Environment and Support. The programs are also implemented at a high level at a consistent basis and are properly supported by appropriate and effective Evaluation and Feedback. In addition, the results also showed that employees of APM are performing at a good level over-all. Both competency and productivity were observed suggesting that the skills and knowledge that the employees possess were properly used in achieving the desired outcomes of the organization. Finally, the study found Training and Development has a significant influence on employee performance with alignment of strategy as the only dimension found significant at 10%. Keywords: Alignment to Strategy, Employee Performance, Training and Development DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-15-15 Publication date:May 31st 202

Un système de formation à l’enseignement des sciences dans le contexte éducatif marocain : des conditions pour une évolution possible

Des enjeux et des problématiques actuels et futurs vont constituer des facteurs puissants de changement, de modulation et de régulation des modes de pensées, des modes de consommation, et des relations interpersonnelles et intercommunautaires. Une évolution parallèle devrait concerner le système de la formation, plus particulièrement la formation à l’enseignement des sciences. Cependant, par incompétence ou par peur de transgresser les règles établies, dictées par les programmes officiels de formation, la majorité des formateurs perpétuent une tradition de formation et adopteraient exceptionnellement une posture critique par rapport à leurs pratiques de formation. Le système de formation à l’enseignement des sciences au Maroc ne semble pas évoluer en dépit des intentions de réforme manifestées concernant l’amélioration de l’enseignement des sciences. Ce texte relate quelques obstacles et des conditions d'une évolution possible du système de formation à l'enseignement des sciences de la vie et de la terre au Maroc. En fait, cet article essaye d’articuler deux questions principales à savoir les obstacles à l’évolution du système de formation à l’enseignement des sciences et celle relative aux conditions de possibilité de la conception, d’élaboration et de la mise en œuvre de nouveaux modules de formation relativement à l'enseignement des sciences de la vie et de la terre.Stakes and problems, current and future, are going to establish powerful factors of change, modulation and regulation of the ways of thinking, the modes of consumption, and intrapersonal and intercommunity relationship. A parallel evolution should concern the formation system, more particularly the formation or training in the teaching of sciences. However, by incompetence or by fear of breaking established rules dictated by the official programs of the formation, some trainers perpetuate the formation tradition and would exceptionally adopt a critical posture, with regard to their practices of formation. In the teaching of sciences in Morocco, the formation system does not seem to evolve, in spite of intended reforms in the field. The present study deals with obstacles and possible conditions of an evolution of the formation in the education of life and earth sciences, in Morocco. In fact, this article tries to articulate two main questions, on the one hand, to know obstacles to the evolution of the system of training in the education of sciences, and on the second hand, the obstacles relating to the conditions of the comprehension possibility, elaboration and the implementation of new formation modules in relation to the education of life an earth sciences